Membrane bioreactors employing hollow fiber membranes have become prominent as a powerful technology for numerous biotechnological applications. These systems present distinct strengths such as {high{surface area-to-volume ratios, efficient mass transfer, and enhanced cell retention. This article

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their capacity to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR output is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The structure of the module, including the type of membrane materia