Membrane bioreactors employing hollow fiber membranes have become prominent as a powerful technology for numerous biotechnological applications. These systems present distinct strengths such as {high{surface area-to-volume ratios, efficient mass transfer, and enhanced cell retention. This article delivers a in-depth analysis of hollow fiber membran

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their capacity to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR output is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The structure of the module, including the type of membrane material, pore size, and surface area, directly impacts mass tr